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Ö, or ö, is a character that represents either a letter from several extended Latin alphabets, or the letter 'o' modified with an umlaut or diaeresis. In many languages, the letter 'ö', or the 'o' modified with an umlaut, is used to denote the non-close front rounded vowels [ø] or [œ]. In languages without such vowels, the character is known as an 'o with diaeresis' and denotes a syllable break, wherein its pronunciation remains an unmodified [o].

O-umlaut[edit]

The letter o with umlaut (ö) appears in the German alphabet. It represents the umlauted form of o, resulting in [œ] or [ø]. The letter is often collated together with o in the German alphabet, but there are exceptions which collate it like oe or OE. The letter also occurs in some languages that have adopted German names or spellings, but it is not normally a part of those alphabets. In Danish and Norwegian, ö was previously used in place of ø in older texts to distinguish between open and closed ö-sounds. It is also used when confusion with other symbols could occur, on maps for instance. The Dano-Norwegian ø is, like the German ö, a development of oe and can be compared with the French œ.In other languages that do not have the letter as part of the regular alphabet or in limited character sets such as ASCII, o-umlaut is frequently replaced with the digraphoe. For example, in German hören (hear/listen) can be easily recognized even if spelled hoeren.

Ö in other languages[edit]

The letter ö also occurs in two other Germanic languages: Swedish and Icelandic, but it is regarded there as a separate letter, not as an umlauted version of o. Apart from Germanic languages, it occurs in the Uralic languagesFinnish, Karelian, Veps, Estonian, Southern Sami, and Hungarian, in the Turkic languages such as Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur (Latin script), Crimean Tatar, Kazakh (used by Kazinform, and to be the official 22nd alphabet in 2020 version of their orthography), and in the Uto-Aztecan languageHopi, where it represents the vowel sounds [ø, œ]. Its name in Finnish, Swedish, Icelandic, Estonian, Azeri, Turkish, Turkmen, Uyghur, Crimean Tatar, Hungarian, Votic and Volapük is Öö[øː], not 'O with two dots' since /ø/ is not a variant of the vowel /o/ but a distinct phoneme.

In the germanic language of Limburgish, the (ö) is used in the same way as in German.

In certain languages, the letter ö cannot be written as 'oe' because minimal pairs exist between ö and oe (and also with oo, öö and öe), as in Finnish eläinkö 'animal?' (interrogative) vs. eläinkoe 'animal test' (cf. Germanic umlaut). If the character ö is unavailable, o is substituted and context is relied upon for inference of the intended meaning. In Volapük, ö can be written as oy, but never as oe.

In Romagnol, ö is used to represent [ɔə~ɔː], e.g. cöt [kɔət~kɔːt] 'cooked'. In mountain dialects of Emilian, it is used to represent [ø], e.g. tött [tøtː] 'all'.

In the Seneca language, ö is used to represent [ɔ̃], a back mid rounded nasalized vowel.

In Swedish, the letter ö is also used as the one-letter word for an island, which is not to be mixed with the actual letter. Ö in this sense is also a Swedish-language surname.^[1]

In the Seri language, ö indicates the labialization of the previous consonant, e.g. cöihiin /kʷiˈɁiin/ 'sanderling'.

Last letter of some alphabets[edit]

It is collated as an independent letter, sometimes by placing it at the end of the alphabet, such as in Swedish and Icelandic; and in Finnish, after Z, Å and Ä, thus fulfilling the place of omega, for example in the Finnish expression aasta ööhön 'from A to Z'. However, in Hungarian, as well as Turkish and other Turkic alphabets that have ö, it is an independent letter between o and p.

O-diaeresis[edit]

O with diaeresis occurs in several languages that use diaereses. In these languages the letter represents a normal o, and the pronunciation does not change (e.g. in the Dutch/Afrikaans word coöperatief [cooperative]).

In English[edit]

Some writers and publications, such as The New Yorker, use it in English words such as zoölogy and coöperate to indicate that the second vowel is pronounced separately. It is also employed in names such as Laocoön, Coös County, and the constellationBoötes. This is also done in Dutch.

Usage in phonetic alphabets[edit]

In the Rheinische Dokumenta, a phonetic alphabet for many West Central German, the Low Rhenish, and few related vernacular languages, ö represents the close-mid front rounded vowel with the IPA notation [ø].

The Uralic phonetic alphabet uses ⟨Ö⟩ as in Finnish to denote the front vowel [ø].

Typography[edit]

Dotts Mac Os Catalina

Historically^[when?]O-diaeresis was written as an o with two dots above the letter. O-umlaut was written as an o with a small e written above in cursive old German (Gothic) script (Oͤ oͤ): this minute e is represented by two vertical bars connected by a slanted line, which then degenerated to two vertical bars in early modern handwritings. In most later handwritings these bars in turn nearly became dots. The origin of the letter ö was a similar ligature for the digraph OE: e was written above o and degenerated into two small dots.^{[citation needed]}

In some inscriptions and display typefaces, ö may be represented as an o with a small letter e inside.

In modern typography there was insufficient space on typewriters and later computer keyboards to allow for both an O-with-dots (also representing ö) and an o-with-bars. Since they looked nearly identical, the two glyphs were combined, which was also done in computer character encodings such as ISO 8859-1. As a result, there was no way to differentiate between the different characters.

Other alphabets containing o-diaerisis include the Welsh alphabet,

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Other alphabets containing o-umlaut include: the Turkmen alphabet (for the vowel [ø]), the Azerbaijani alphabet (for the vowel [œ]), the Yapese alphabet (for [œ]), the Luxembourgian alphabet (when writing loanwords from Standard German), the Slovenian alphabet (when writing loanwords from German, Hungarian and Turkish), and the Dinka alphabet. The Hungarian alphabet contains both ö and ő: double acute o is the longer pair of ö. See double acute accent.

Encoding[edit]

See also[edit]

• 😮 is an emoji representing 'surprise'

References[edit]

1. ^Turunen, Petri (4 September 2016). 'Rikulla on Suomen lyhyin sukunimi – nimenmuutokselle perusteet äidin suvussa' [Riku has the shortest surname in Finland – grounds for name change in his mother's family]. Ilta-Sanomat (in Finnish). Retrieved 2016-09-04.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)

External links[edit]