Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is the fifth major release of the Mac OS X. Tiger was released to the public on April 29, 2005, for US$ 129.5 as the successor to the Mac OS X 10.3 Panther. Some new features are included in this version, which includes a fast searching system called Spotlight, new version of Safari web browser, Dashboard, a new. Phantoms A phantom assembly is a non-stocked assembly that lets you group together material needed to produce a subassembly. When you create a bill of material for a parent item, you can specify whether a component is a phantom. 'Phantom' disk images in Mac OS X 10.3.x. In some cases, users are unable to eject the extraneous images, with Mac OS X claiming that the item is 'in use.' Using phantom on macOS ¶ It is not recommended to perform 3D simulations on a laptop, but it can be useful to install phantom in this manner for editing and debugging code and for simple testing.

• Mac Os Mojave
• Mac Os Catalina

When you turn on your Mac, various apps, add-ons, and invisible background processes start running all by themselves. This is usually what you want, but you may sometimes see items running that you don’t recall adding yourself. Where do they come from?

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Because such items can increase your Mac’s startup time and may decrease its performance, you’ll want to make sure your Mac is loading only items that are useful to you. Here’s a quick primer on the various kinds of startup and login items and how to manage them.

Login items

Open System Preferences and click on Users & Groups, then click the Login Items tab. You’ll see a list of apps (and even files and folders) that open every time you log in. This list is different for each user account on your Mac.

Items usually end up on this list because apps added them to it. Most apps that do so ask you for permission first or have an “Open at login” or similar checkbox in its settings. In any case, you can add an item to the list manually by clicking the (+) button, or remove an item by selecting it and clicking the minus sign (-) button.

StartupItems folder

Earlier versions of macOS relied on two folders—/Library/StartupItems and /System/Library/StartupItems—to hold items designated to load when you start your Mac. Apple now discourages the use of the StartupItems folders, but some old apps might still use them.

Normally your /System/Library/StartupItems folder should be empty; but if it contains something that you don’t use anymore, you can drag the unwanted item to the Trash to prevent it from loading automatically the next time you start your Mac.

Launch daemons and agents

Since OS 10.4 Tiger, Apple has given developers another mechanism for launching items automatically: launch daemons and agents that are controlled by the launchd process. This provides more flexibility for developers but it is less transparent to users.

Instead of opening apps directly, launchd loads specially-formatted .plist documents that specify what should launch and under what circumstances. Sometimes these launch items run constantly in the background, sometimes they run at scheduled intervals, and sometimes they run as needed—for example, in response to an event such as a change in a certain file or folder—and then quit.

The .plist files that launchd uses can occupy any of five folders, and their location determines when the items load and with what privileges:

• Items in /Library/LaunchDaemons and /System/Library/LaunchDaemons load when your Mac starts up, and run as the root user.

• Items in /Library/LaunchAgents and /System/Library/LaunchAgents load when any user logs in, and run as that user.

• Items in /Users/your-username/Library/LaunchAgents load only when that particular user logs in, and run as that user.

Don’t change System files: Of those five folders, the two located in the /System folder (/System/Library/LaunchDaemons and /System/Library/LaunchAgents) are for components included as part of macOS, and you should resist the temptation to remove or alter them—they’re essential to keep your Mac running correctly.

Modify others as you like: Feel free to browse through the files in the other folders to see what’s there. You can modify them—for instance, to disable them or to change how often they run—but before you do, you should understand a few things about how they work.

When you start your Mac or log in, the launch items in the relevant folders are loaded (that is, registered with the system) unless they have a Disabled flag set. Thereafter, their instructions will be carried out until you restart, even if you drag the launch item to the Trash. To see a list of all the currently loaded launch items on your Mac, open Terminal (in /Applications/Utilities) and type launchctl list and then press Return.

If you want to stop a launch item from running without your having to restart, open Terminal and type launchctl unload followed by a space and the full path to the launch item. An easy way to add an item’s full path is to drag it to the Terminal window) For example, take this command:

It unloads the launch agent that enables AppleScript folder actions. Repeat the command with load instead of unload to turn it back on.

Because most launch items run on a schedule or on demand, and because any of them could be disabled, the fact that something is present in one folder doesn’t necessarily mean the process it governs is currently running. To see what’s running at the moment, open Activity Monitor—but bear in mind that the name of a given process as shown in Activity Monitor might not resemble the name of the .plist file that tells macOS to launch it.

Other explanations for mystery processes

Although these methods are the most common ways to launch apps automatically in macOS, they aren’t the only ones. If you have a mystery process that you can’t track down in any of these places, it could also be one of these:

Kernel extensions: Kernel extensions, or kexts, live in /System/Library/Extensions and load at startup. They provide low-level features such as processing audio and adding support for peripherals. Most kexts on your Mac are part of macOS. The safest way to remove a third-party kext is to run an uninstaller provided by the developer.

Crons:Cron is a Unix scheduling utility built into macOS. It’s more-or-less not used anymore in favor of launchd, but you never know what might be lingering on a Mac that has gone through a lot of updates or is running old software.

Login scripts:Login scripts, like startup items, were used in older versions of macOS but are now deprecated.

Mac Os Mojave

Phantom OS is an operating system mostly made by Russian programmers. Phantom OS is based on a concept of persistent virtual memory, and is managed-code oriented. Phantom OS is one of a few OSes that are not based on classical concepts of Unix-like systems. Its primary goal is to achieve simplicity and effectiveness in both the operating system and applications at the same time.

Phantom is based on the principle that 'Everything is an object', in contrast to the Unix-like approach of 'Everything is a file'.

Basics[edit]

Managed code: Memory protection on object level, rather than on process level; absence of pointer arithmetic in managed code avoids many problems that are present in unmanaged code.

Global address space: Very effective and inexpensive IPC (InterProcess Communication).Single (flat) address space allows transfer of objects from one process (application) to another by transferring links to that object. Security is achieved through the absence of pointer arithmetic and the inability of an application to get linked to an object other than by calling a public method.

Persistence: Application code does not see OS restarts and could live forever—this makes the concept of a file obsolete and any variable or data structure could be stored forever and at the same time be available directly through a pointer. Differently from hibernation that is done in other OSs, persistence lies in the very core principles of the Phantom OS core. It is done transparently for applications; in most cases it does not require re-programming of an application. Persistence stays even if the computer crashes.

Compatibility[edit]

Mac Os Catalina

Two ways of code migration are offered:

• Converter from JVM bytecode — will supposedly allow import of Java bytecode and other programming languages targeting Java virtual machine.
• POSIX-subsystem allows port of application code from Unix/Linux — although important features of Phantom OS will not be available.

Status[edit]

Currently the system exists in alpha version for ia32 processors. Port to ARM architecture is underway (currently being tested, not yet ready for use) and port to MIPS and amd64 has been started. Kernel operation has been demonstrated at the biggest Russian IT-conferences RIT 2011, ADD 2010,^[1] CC 2010,^[2] and 2009.

The project is open for contributors to join.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

1. ^Dmitry Zavalishin reports on ADD 2010Archived 2012-07-07 at archive.today
2. ^Dmitry Zavalishin reports on Chaos Constructions’2010 (Saint-Petersburg, Russia) Archived 2012-03-23 at the Wayback Machine

References[edit]

• Ted Dziuba. (2009-02-03). 'Russian rides Phantom to OS immortality'. The Register. Retrieved 2011-04-27. The iPhone that never dies
• 'Source codes of Phantom OS'. Digital Zone. 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-27.
• 'Phantom OS Internals book'. 2019.
• 'Phantom OS on OpenHUB'. 2019.

External links[edit]

• 'FosDem2020 speech'.